Omnic Software Free Download Ftir 36
Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most commonly used techniques to investigate the impact of nanoparticles on bacteria. In general, microscopic techniques have been widely used to identify the morphological effects of nanoparticles, while molecular analyses often focus on changes in gene expression and protein expression. However, these techniques are unable to provide spatial resolution information with a cellular scale. Recent studies have suggested that the nanoparticles can interact with bacterial ribosomes and inhibit protein translation [ 55 ]. The fluorescence intensity of thylakoid proteins has been shown to decrease after exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles, indicating the damage of thylakoid protein in chloroplasts [ 70 ]. In this context, FTIR micro-spectroscopy may offer benefits in contrast to transmission electron microscopy through the ability to acquire spatial information. Until now, FTIR micro-spectroscopy has been used to investigate the intracellular alterations of E. coli in the presence of nanoparticles [ 36 ], but it has not been applied to observe the nanoparticle-induced changes at the subcellular level. Therefore, the development of an integrative approach that combines an alternative technique with FTIR micro-spectroscopy is vital to be able to perform accurate molecular studies [ 31 ].
omnic software free download ftir 36
ATRFTIR has been widely used in microbial research, and several research groups have applied this technique to study the interactions of bacteria with various nanoparticles. For example, Wang et al. [ 134 ] characterized the toxicity effect of nanowire photocatalysis on E. coli. FTIR was used to investigate the membrane structure of E. coli treated with the nanowires, and the intensity of the CH2 stretching band was significantly higher in treated cells than in controls, indicating a significant effect on the structure of the membrane [ 134 ]. Fang et al. [ 37 ] also demonstrated the impact of different quantum dot nanoparticle sizes on E. coli. FTIR spectra of treated E. coli showed increased intensities of bands at 2931 and 2900 cm-1, which represent lipid C-H stretching of the functional groups. This information confirmed that fluorescence microscopy images also showed an increase in the average length of the cells [ 37 ]. Singh et al. [ 104 ] showed that the ATRFTIR bands for E. coli untreated and treated with various nanoparticles (such as quantum dots, AgNPs, and CNTs) were independent of nanoparticles concentration. This showed that nanoinclusions did not influence the lipid membrane composition of the bacteria [ 104 ]. Therefore, this method can be used for the qualitative analysis of lipid membrane composition of bacteria. In addition, Bufali et al. [ 63 ] studied the interaction of silver nanoparticles with E. coli using ATRFTIR spectroscopy. In this study, the functional groups of the bacteria membrane showed a change in intensity in the range of 1000-1020 cm-1, which included the information regarding phosphorous, C-O, and C-O-C groups [ 63 ]. In summary, ATRFTIR is a useful and affordable tool that can be used for in situ analysis of bacteria membrane components that are essential for bacterial interactions with environmental stressors [ 63, 64 ]. Furthermore, ATRFTIR can reveal information regarding specific membrane functional groups and can be used to discover the overall structural changes in the bacteria membrane composition, which can be of interest in research of bacteria membrane interactions with various nanoparticles. This can be used to develop new antimicrobial strategies by design of nanomaterials to mimic natural materials.